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{{DISPLAYTITLE:PostgreSQL 语法}}[[Category:PostgreSQL 教程|5]] = PostgreSQL 语法 = 默认情况下 PostgreSQL 安装完成后,自带了一个命令行工具 '''SQL Shell(psql)'''。 '''Linux''' 系统可以直接切换到 postgres 用户来开启命令行工具: <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> # sudo -i -u postgres </sample> '''Windows''' 系统一般在它的安装目录下: Program Files → PostgreSQL 11.3 → SQL Shell(psql) '''Mac OS''' 我们直接搜索就可以了找到: 进入命令行工具,我们可以使用 \help 来查看各个命令的语法 : <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> postgres-# \help <command_name> </sample> 例如,我们查看下 select 语句的语法: <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> postgres=# \help SELECT Command: SELECT Description: retrieve rows from a table or view Syntax: [ WITH [ RECURSIVE ] with_query [, ...] ] SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ] [ * | expression [ [ AS ] output_name ] [, ...] ] [ FROM from_item [, ...] ] [ WHERE condition ] [ GROUP BY grouping_element [, ...] ] [ HAVING condition [, ...] ] [ WINDOW window_name AS ( window_definition ) [, ...] ] [ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL | DISTINCT ] select ] [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] ] [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ] [ OFFSET start [ ROW | ROWS ] ] [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ] [ FOR { UPDATE | NO KEY UPDATE | SHARE | KEY SHARE } [ OF table_name [, ...] ] [ NOWAIT | SKIP LOCKED ] [...] ] from_item 可以是以下选项之一: [ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ] </sample> == SQL 语句 == 一个 SQL 语句通常包含了关键字、标识符(字段)、常量、特殊符号等,下面是一个简单的 SQL 语句: <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> SELECT id, name FROM xiaobai </sample> {| class="table table-striped table-hover" ! ! SELECT ! id, name ! FROM ! xiaobai |- | 符号类型 | 关键字 | 标识符(字段) | 关键字 | 标识符 |- | 描述 | 命令 | id 和 name 字段 | 语句,用于设置条件规则等 | 表名 |} == PostgreSQL 命令 == === ABORT === ABORT 用于退出当前事务。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] </sample> === ALTER AGGREGATE === 修改一个聚集函数的定义 。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) RENAME TO _new_name_ ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) OWNER TO _new_owner_ ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) SET SCHEMA _new_schema_ </sample> === ALTER COLLATION === 修改一个排序规则定义 。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER COLLATION _name_ RENAME TO _new_name_ ALTER COLLATION _name_ OWNER TO _new_owner_ ALTER COLLATION _name_ SET SCHEMA _new_schema_ </sample> === ALTER CONVERSION === 修改一个编码转换的定义。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner </sample> === ALTER DATABASE === 修改一个数据库。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT } ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner </sample> === ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES === 定义默认的访问权限。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES [ FOR { ROLE | USER } target_role [, ...] ] [ IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] ] abbreviated_grant_or_revoke where abbreviated_grant_or_revoke is one of: GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON TABLES TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] ... </sample> === ALTER DOMAIN === 修改一个域的定义。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT } ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ] ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner </sample> === ALTER FUNCTION === 修改一个函数的定义。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) RENAME TO new_name ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) OWNER TO new_owner </sample> === ALTER GROUP === 修改一个用户组。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ... ] ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ... ] ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name </sample> === ALTER INDEX === 修改一个索引的定义。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name </sample> === ALTER LANGUAGE === 修改一个过程语言的定义。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name </sample> === ALTER OPERATOR === 改变一个操作符的定义。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER OPERATOR name ( { lefttype | NONE }, { righttype | NONE } ) OWNER TO new_owner </sample> === ALTER OPERATOR CLASS === 修改一个操作符表的定义。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner </sample> === ALTER SCHEMA === 修改一个模式的定义。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner </sample> === ALTER SEQUENCE === 修改一个序列生成器的定义。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ] [ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ] [ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ] [ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ] </sample> === ALTER TABLE === 修改表的定义。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ] action [, ... ] ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ] RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column ALTER TABLE name RENAME TO new_name </sample> 其中 action 可以是以选项之一: <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ] DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ] ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE type [ USING expression ] ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN } ADD table_constraint DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ] CLUSTER ON index_name SET WITHOUT CLUSTER SET WITHOUT OIDS OWNER TO new_owner SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name </sample> === ALTER TABLESPACE === 修改一个表空间的定义。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner </sample> === ALTER TRIGGER === 修改改变一个触发器的定义 。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name </sample> === ALTER TYPE === 修改一个类型的定义 。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner </sample> === ALTER USER === 修改数据库用户帐号 。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ] ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT } ALTER USER name RESET parameter </sample> Where option can be − <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password' | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB | CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER | VALID UNTIL 'abstime' </sample> === ANALYZE === 收集与数据库有关的统计。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ] </sample> === BEGIN === 开始一个事务块。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, ...] ] </sample> transaction_mode 可以是以下选项之一: <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED } READ WRITE | READ ONLY </sample> === CHECKPOINT === 强制一个事务日志检查点 。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CHECKPOINT </sample> === CLOSE === 关闭游标。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CLOSE name </sample> === CLUSTER === 根据一个索引对某个表盘簇化排序。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CLUSTER index_name ON table_name CLUSTER table_name CLUSTER </sample> === COMMENT === 定义或者改变一个对象的注释。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> COMMENT ON { TABLE object_name | COLUMN table_name.column_name | AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) | CAST (source_type AS target_type) | CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name | CONVERSION object_name | DATABASE object_name | DOMAIN object_name | FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) | INDEX object_name | LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid | OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) | OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method | [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name | RULE rule_name ON table_name | SCHEMA object_name | SEQUENCE object_name | TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name | TYPE object_name | VIEW object_name } IS 'text' </sample> === COMMIT === 提交当前事务。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] </sample> === COPY === 在表和文件之间拷贝数据。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ] FROM { 'filename' | STDIN } [ WITH ] [ BINARY ] [ OIDS ] [ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ] [ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ] [ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ] [ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ] [ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ] COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ] TO { 'filename' | STDOUT } [ [ WITH ] [ BINARY ] [ OIDS ] [ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ] [ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ] [ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ] [ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ] [ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ] </sample> === CREATE AGGREGATE === 定义一个新的聚集函数。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE AGGREGATE name ( BASETYPE = input_data_type, SFUNC = sfunc, STYPE = state_data_type [, FINALFUNC = ffunc ] [, INITCOND = initial_condition ] ) </sample> === CREATE CAST === 定义一个用户定义的转换。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type) WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types) [ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ] CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type) WITHOUT FUNCTION [ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ] </sample> === CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER === 定义一个新的约束触发器 。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name AFTER events ON table_name constraint attributes FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args ) </sample> === CREATE CONVERSION === 定义一个新的的编码转换。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name FOR source_encoding TO dest_encoding FROM func_name </sample> === CREATE DATABASE === 创建新数据库。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE DATABASE name [ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ] [ TEMPLATE [=] template ] [ ENCODING [=] encoding ] [ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ] ] </sample> === CREATE DOMAIN === 定义一个新域。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type [ DEFAULT expression ] [ constraint [ ... ] ] </sample> constraint 可以是以下选项之一: <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK (expression) } </sample> === CREATE FUNCTION === 定义一个新函数。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] ) RETURNS ret_type { LANGUAGE lang_name | IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE | CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER | AS 'definition' | AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol' } ... [ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ] </sample> === CREATE GROUP === 定义一个新的用户组。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ] Where option can be: SYSID gid | USER username [, ...] </sample> === CREATE INDEX === 定义一个新索引。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ] ( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, ...] ) [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] [ WHERE predicate ] </sample> === CREATE LANGUAGE === 定义一种新的过程语言。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ] </sample> === CREATE OPERATOR === 定义一个新的操作符。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE OPERATOR name ( PROCEDURE = func_name [, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ] [, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ] [, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ] [, HASHES ] [, MERGES ] [, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ] [, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ] ) </sample> === CREATE OPERATOR CLASS === 定义一个新的操作符表。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type USING index_method AS { OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ] | FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] ) | STORAGE storage_type } [, ... ] </sample> === CREATE ROLE === 定义一个新的数据库角色。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE ROLE _name_ [ [ WITH ] _option_ [ ... ] ] where `_option_` can be: SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB | CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE ... </sample> === CREATE RULE === 定义一个新重写规则。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event TO table [ WHERE condition ] DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) } </sample> === CREATE SCHEMA === 定义一个新模式。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE SCHEMA schema_name [ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ] CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username [ schema_element [ ... ] ] </sample> === CREATE SERVER === 定义一个新的外部服务器。。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE SERVER _server_name_ [ TYPE '_server_type_' ] [ VERSION '_server_version_' ] FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER _fdw_name_ [ OPTIONS ( _option_ '_value_' [, ... ] ) ] </sample> === CREATE SEQUENCE === 定义一个新序列发生器。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ] [ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ] [ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ] [ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ] </sample> === CREATE TABLE === 定义一个新表。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name ( { column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ] | table_constraint | LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ] } [, ... ] ) [ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ] [ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ] [ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ] [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] </sample> column_constraint 可以是以下选项之一: <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { NOT NULL | NULL | UNIQUE [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] | PRIMARY KEY [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] | CHECK (expression) | REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ] [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ] [ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] } [ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ] </sample> table_constraint 可以是以下选项之一: <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] | PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] | CHECK ( expression ) | FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [, ... ] ) ] [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ] [ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] } [ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ] </sample> === CREATE TABLE AS === 从一条查询的结果中定义一个新表。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name [ (column_name [, ...] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ] AS query </sample> === CREATE TABLESPACE === 定义一个新的表空间。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory' </sample> === CREATE TRIGGER === 定义一个新的触发器。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] } ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ] EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments ) </sample> === CREATE TYPE === 定义一个新的数据类型。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE TYPE name AS ( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] ) CREATE TYPE name ( INPUT = input_function, OUTPUT = output_function [, RECEIVE = receive_function ] [, SEND = send_function ] [, ANALYZE = analyze_function ] [, INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ] [, PASSEDBYVALUE ] [, ALIGNMENT = alignment ] [, STORAGE = storage ] [, DEFAULT = default ] [, ELEMENT = element ] [, DELIMITER = delimiter ] ) </sample> === CREATE USER === 创建一个新的数据库用户帐户。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ] </sample> option 可以是以下选项之一: <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> SYSID uid | [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password' | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB | CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER | IN GROUP group_name [, ...] | VALID UNTIL 'abs_time' </sample> === CREATE VIEW === 定义一个视图。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query </sample> === DEALLOCATE === 删除一个准备好的查询。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name </sample> === DECLARE === 定义一个游标。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ] CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query [ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ] </sample> === DELETE === 删除一个表中的行。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ] </sample> === DROP AGGREGATE === 删除一个用户定义的聚集函数。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === DROP CAST === 删除一个用户定义的类型转换。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === DROP CONVERSION === 删除一个用户定义的编码转换。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === DROP DATABASE === 删除一个数据库。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP DATABASE name </sample> === DROP DOMAIN === 删除一个用户定义的域。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === DROP FUNCTION === 删除一个函数。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === DROP GROUP === 删除一个用户组。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP GROUP name </sample> === DROP INDEX === 删除一个索引。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === DROP LANGUAGE === 删除一个过程语言。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === DROP OPERATOR === 删除一个操作符。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE }, { right_type | NONE } ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === DROP OPERATOR CLASS === 删除一个操作符表。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === DROP ROLE === 删除一个数据库角色。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP ROLE [ IF EXISTS ] _name_ [, ...] </sample> === DROP RULE === 删除一个重写规则。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP RULE name ON relation [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === DROP SCHEMA === 删除一个模式。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === DROP SEQUENCE === 删除一个序列。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === DROP TABLE === 删除一个表。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === DROP TABLESPACE === 删除一个表空间。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name </sample> === DROP TRIGGER === 删除一个触发器定义。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === DROP TYPE === 删除一个用户定义数据类型。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === DROP USER === 删除一个数据库用户帐号。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP USER name </sample> === DROP VIEW === 删除一个视图。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === END === 提交当前的事务。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] </sample> === EXECUTE === 执行一个准备好的查询。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ] </sample> === EXPLAIN === 显示一个语句的执行规划。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement </sample> === FETCH === 用游标从查询中抓取行。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name </sample> direction 可以是以下选项之一: <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> NEXT PRIOR FIRST LAST ABSOLUTE count RELATIVE count count ALL FORWARD FORWARD count FORWARD ALL BACKWARD BACKWARD count BACKWARD ALL </sample> === GRANT === 定义访问权限。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] GRANT { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON DATABASE db_name [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] </sample> === INSERT === 在表中创建新行,即插入数据。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ] { DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) | query } </sample> === LISTEN === 监听一个通知。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> LISTEN name </sample> === LOAD === 加载或重载一个共享库文件。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> LOAD 'filename' </sample> === LOCK === 锁定一个表。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ] </sample> lock_mode 可以是以下选项之一: <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE | SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE </sample> === MOVE === 定位一个游标。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name </sample> === NOTIFY === 生成一个通知。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> NOTIFY name </sample> === PREPARE === 创建一个准备好的查询。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement </sample> === REINDEX === 重建索引。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ] </sample> === RELEASE SAVEPOINT === 删除一个前面定义的保存点。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name </sample> === RESET === 把一个运行时参数值恢复为默认值。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> RESET name RESET ALL </sample> === REVOKE === 删除访问权限。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON DATABASE db_name [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] </sample> === ROLLBACK === 退出当前事务。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] </sample> === ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT === 回滚到一个保存点。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name </sample> === SAVEPOINT === 在当前事务里定义一个新的保存点。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> SAVEPOINT savepoint_name </sample> === SELECT === 从表或视图中取出若干行。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ] * | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...] [ FROM from_item [, ...] ] [ WHERE condition ] [ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ] [ HAVING condition [, ...] ] [ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ] [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ] [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ] [ OFFSET start ] [ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ] </sample> from_item 可以是以下选项: <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> [ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ] ( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ] function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] ) from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item [ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ] </sample> === SELECT INTO === 从一个查询的结果中定义一个新表。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ] * | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...] INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table [ FROM from_item [, ...] ] [ WHERE condition ] [ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ] [ HAVING condition [, ...] ] [ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ] [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ] [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ] [ OFFSET start ] [ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ] </sample> === SET === 修改运行时参数。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT } SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT } </sample> === SET CONSTRAINTS === 设置当前事务的约束检查模式。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE } </sample> === SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION === 为当前会话设置会话用户标识符和当前用户标识符。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION username SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION </sample> === SET TRANSACTION === 开始一个事务块。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...] SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...] </sample> Where transaction_mode is one of − <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED } READ WRITE | READ ONLY </sample> === SHOW === 显示运行时参数的值。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> SHOW name SHOW ALL </sample> === START TRANSACTION === 开始一个事务块。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, ...] ] </sample> transaction_mode 可以是下面的选项之一: <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED } READ WRITE | READ ONLY </sample> === TRUNCATE === 清空一个或一组表。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name </sample> === UNLISTEN === 停止监听通知信息。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> UNLISTEN { name | * } </sample> === UPDATE === 更新一个表中的行。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] [ FROM from_list ] [ WHERE condition ] </sample> === VACUUM === 垃圾收集以及可选地分析一个数据库。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] [ table ] VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] ANALYZE [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ] </sample> === VALUES === 计算一个或一组行。 <sample title="" desc="" lang="sql" hererun="1"> VALUES ( _expression_ [, ...] ) [, ...] [ ORDER BY _sort_expression_ [ ASC | DESC | USING _operator_ ] [, ...] ] [ LIMIT { _count_ | ALL } ] [ OFFSET _start_ [ ROW | ROWS ] ] [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ _count_ ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ] </sample> <blockquote>更多内容可以参考手册中的 SQL 语法:[[sql syntax|http://www.xiaobai.wang/manual/PostgreSQL/sql-syntax.html]]。 </blockquote>
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